Identifying level and category shift in Legenda Pulau Senua bilingual storybook

Background: Changes on translation result may be in the form of adding and omitting to the TL. Adding occurs because TL has grammatical category which SL lacks. Omitting occurs because the TL has a grammatical category which exists in the SL. Purpose: This study is conducted to analyze translation shifts in Bilingual book story. Design and methods: This study used qualitative research method in the form of content analysis. Data analysis techniques is the process of organizing and sorting data into the patterns, categories and units of the basic description so that it can be determined the theme and can be formulated working hypothesis as based on the data. Results: there were 15 data that indicated translation shift in this book, and the category shift were dominantly used. Any shift in the process of translation is normal, as long as it does not change the meaning or the message of the text.


Introduction
Translating is the process of transferring written text from source language to target language. The translator transfers the message that the author intended. In the process of translating there are some challenges that the translator may encounter.
The translator should consider the reading level of the reader when translating literary work, especially in translating children's literature. Moreover, the important thing is translator deals with two different language system between source language (SL) and target language (TL). Consequently, shift cannot be avoided when establishing translation equivalence between two different language systems.
Since children's literature is a subject of study which has been discussing among experts, the characteristics of it should be mentioned (van Widenfelt et al., 2005). The characteristics of children's literature are clear and effective narration, less complex language, less word of higher register, simple type sentence constructions, and more basic vocabulary. It has dynamic style using simple syntactic construction with finite verbs which is easier to read and understand.
That means character of literature for children must use clear language, be effective narrative not twisted, subtract words that seem complicated, the type of sentences should be easily understood and should had more basic vocabulary.
Therefore, to produce a good translation, a translator should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the possible ways is by making shifts. Shift is needed to produce natural translation and established translation equivalence between SL and TL which usually occurs in the unit of grammar, class, structure and system (Hosseini-Maasoum & Shahbaiki, 2013).
It can be concluded that a translator must be good at adjusting the use of words in translation both in the sense and structure for the message can be delivered naturally and communicatively, one way by using the word shift.
Shifts are firstly introduced by J.C Catford. A shift is a translation procedure involving the change in the grammar from SL to TL (Zepedda, 2020). Shift can be classified into level and category shifts. Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical). For example, the English word peoples can be translated into a phrase beberapa orang in Bahasa. Shift is required when grammatical structure of source language does not exist in the target language. For example, the morpheme inter in English does not exist in Bahasa as a morpheme also, but as a word which has meaning diantara.
It means the shift occurs when the grammatical structure of the source language does not exist in the target language. According to Groves & Mundt (2015) Translation shifts likely occur at various points and levels of text because elements of grammatical structures in Bahasa are different from those in English.
The changes on translation result may be in the form of adding and omitting to the TL. Adding occurs because TL has grammatical category which SL lacks. Omitting occurs because the TL has a grammatical category which exists in the SL. It means that word shift can occur if TL has a grammatical category that is not owned by SL. or it could happen because TL has a grammar category in SL.
Based on that reason, this study is conducted to analyze translation shifts in Bilingual book story, The Legend of Senua island taken from a collection of children's stories on the 34 province series of folklore, Dian K, published in 2017 in Jakarta, like the existence of a mythical story and the existence of moral values can be applied in everyday life..

Methods
This study used qualitative research method in the form of content analysis. Data analysis techniques is the process of organizing and sorting data into the patterns, categories and units of the basic description so that it can be determined the theme and can be formulated working hypothesis as based on the data.
According Sugiyono (2019) Qualitative research is essentially a method research that is to learn the natural state. Qualitative research is holistic in the sense that this study sees the problems always in their unity, not apart from other conditions that are united in a context. Thus, although this research focuses on translation techniques seen from the product or the work of translation itself, but it is also possible to examine other aspects such as how the selection of techniques affects the aspect of equivalence of meaning. Qualitative research will not make generalizations that are universal but only seek to collect data, organize, classify and then interpret it to make inferences about existing phenomena or events.
The source of data written in this research is bilingual children's story series folklore the legend of Senua Island, written by Dian K and translated by Dono Sunardi and published by the publisher of the Bhuana ilmu popular. As a source of objective data which is a translation product will be taken data in the form of 5 translation techniques performed in the level of words, phrases, clauses and sentences contained in the bilingual book.

Findings & Discussion
Shift is something unavoidable in translation. In his attempt to transfer the meaning from one language (SL) to another (TL) by means of the universally known practice of translation, the translator faces a plethora of linguistics, stylistic and even cultural problems. In this case, Hansen (1999)

says that this transfer is not performed directly and is not without difficulties
The data from children's bilingual story book the tittle is Legenda Pulau Senua which is translated to be The Legend of Senua Island. After reading and comparing both SL and TL, there were 15 data that indicated translation shift in this book, and the category shift were dominantly used.
Translation shift is a translation method that involves replacing the source language elements into the target language without changing the meaning. There are two major types of shifts occur: level shift and category shift (Hosseini-Maasoum & Shahbaiki, 2013).
After analysing the selected data, the writer found all kinds of translation shift, there are: three Level shifts, level shift are the shifts from grammar to lexis. It means that a grammatical unit in source language, such as the tenses of time reference, or the passive meaning in a sentence, has a lexical unit in target language as its translation equivalent.
Twelve data from Category shift, kind of shifts that occur within categories of grammar level, there are four Structure shifts, structure shift occurs within one change of the arrangement of a clause such as S-P-C to P-S and the others are change of the arrangement of noun phrase such as three shifts from MH to HQ. Three Class shifts, class shift occurs from noun to verb, infinitive verb to noun, and one group class shift from noun operating at subject to noun operating at complement. four Unit shifts, unit shift occurs from sentence to clause, clause to word, clause to compound-word, compound-word to phrase, and two shifts from phrase to word. One Intra-system shift, intra system shift occurs within two shifts from noun with article to noun without article and one number system shift from plural to singular.

Level shift
Level shifts are the shifts from grammar to lexis. It means that a grammatical unit in one language, such as the tenses of time reference, the passive meaning in a sentence, has a lexical unit in another language as its translation equivalent. See some following findings on level shift. SL: Namun, Mai Lamah tak peduli.(P.12) TL: However, Mai Lamah did not seem to care. (P.12) SL "Tidak peduli'' translated to "Did not seem to care'' in TL. SL change from passive sentence to verb in TL. The words Tidak peduli are passive sentence change to verb "Did not seem to care'' in TL but with the same meaning.
SL: Perut Mai Lamai semakin membesar, dan "Kini tiba saatnya" dia melahirkan (P.18) TL: Mai Lamah's belly grew bigger and bigger by days and the time for her to give birth "Was now closer''(P.18) SL "Kini tiba saatnya''is time expression translated to "Was now closer''inTL SL "Kini tiba saatnya'' in Bahasa means "sekarang waktunya" is present become past "Was now closer" in Bahasa means "Telah dekat waktunya" So this classification as a level shift.

Category shift
Category shifts are departures from formal correspondence. In Translation Formal, correspondence is any grammatical category in the target language which can be said to occupy the same position in the system of target language as the given source of language category in the source language system. The category shifts include structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift.

Structure shift
Structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between the source language and target language. In grammar, structure shift can occur at all ranks. See on following findings on structure shift. SL: Dia sudah membantu kelahiran ratusan bayi sejak dulu (P.14) TL: She had helped hundreds of births in the village. (P.14) SL "Membantu Kelahiran ratusan bayi sejak dulu" is sentence clause translated to "Helped hundreds of births in the village" in TL, the word "sejak dulu" translated to "in the village" in TL. There is a shift in grammatical structure such as phrase.

Class shift
Occurs when the translation equivalent of SL item is the member of a different class (part of speech) from the original item. See on following findings on class shift.

Unit shift
Means changes of rank, that is, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is translated into a unit at a different rank. The language ranks may change among the morpheme, word, phrase/group, clause, to sentence, and sometimes even further up including paragraph and text. The unit shift shows a change of rank, a lower is translated into a higher rank or vice versa. See on following findings on unit shift. SL:"Dengar,istriku. Teripang ini bakal laris dibeli oleh saudagar dari Singapura dan Tiongkok!" Seru Baitusen senang. (P.7) TL: "Listen, my wife. Merchant from Singapore and China would come to buy our sea cucumber!"Baitusen exclaimed happily. (P.7) SL "bakal laris dibeli oleh saudagar dari singapura dan tiongkok''is Passive change to will come to buy our sea cucumber n TL, means "Akan datang membeli teripang kita" is active sentence. SL:Dia membantu mengeringkan teripang-teripang itu.(P.8) TL:She helped her husband drying the sea cucumber under the sun.(P.8) SL "mengeringkan teripang-teripang itu" Is compound sentence Translated to "drying the sea cucumber under the sun" is adverb clause describe verb, dryingin TL, with words under the sun as clause in TL.

Intra system shift
Means a departure from formal correspondence in which one system in the SL has a different (non-corresponding) system in the TL. Intra system shift is used to indicate that the shift occurs internally within the system of the languages concerned. See on following findings on intra system shift.

Conclusion
Shifting is one way in translation process, the translator's effort to establish translation equivalent between SL and TL. The purpose of this analysis is to find out what and how translation shift usually occurs in translation. The writer use The Legend of Senua Island bilingual children's story book as the unit of analysis. There are 15 data are randomly selected in the book. The writer analyses the data using Catford's classification of level shift and category shift.
After analysing data the writer found 3 Level shift, in the book, category shift is kind of shifts that occur within categories of grammar level. After analysing the data, the writer found 4 structure shifts, 3 class shifts, 4 unit shift, 1intra-system shifts, in the books. The most dominant category shift used in this book are structure shift and unit shift. The writer expects that the translator try to get equivalents message as possible and to obey grammar rule in the TL. The writer also expects that the translator make it readable by children and the translator understand how to get clear and effective narration, less complex language, less word of higher register, simple type sentence construction, and basic vocabulary, which are the characteristic of children literature.

Suggestion
The writer would like to suggest for translator that before doing any translation, the first important thing is translator must mastering grammar whatever the language is, especially grammar TL. Shift in grammatical categories need to be managed in order to convey the message in a way that it is acceptable in the TL. Any shift in the process of translation is normal, as long as it does not change the meaning or the message of the text. The second, in translating children's book, when conveying the message, translator should make it simple, acceptable and readable for children understanding.
The writer also suggests for the next researcher that more research needs to be conducted to make further analysis in other kinds of text in order to get a better understanding about shifts of translation, because the writer feels that her research through children literature is not enough yet to fulfil reader's need in further studying of translation.